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§ 94.001.Definitions

Title 4. Liability in Tort · Chapter 94. Liability of Sports Officials and Organizations · Last amended 2015 · Last verified August 29, 2026

In one sentenceSection 94.001 defines athletic competition through a long list of sports, and sports official as a person who officiates, judges, or enforces contest rules.

Full Text of § 94.001

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In this chapter:
(1)"Athletic competition" means any competitive group or solo sporting activity and includes:
(A)football, baseball, soccer, basketball, hockey, swimming, track, wrestling, bike or foot races, triathlon, equestrian competitions, golf, marksmanship competitions, darts, billiards, Frisbee golf, fishing tournaments, car racing, and any similar activity that involves any aspect of physical competition, coordination, endurance, or stamina; and
(B)a rodeo, livestock show, or related event or competition.
(2)"Sponsoring organization" means the individual, club, association, or entity that undertakes to organize, underwrite, sanction, or promote:
(A)an interscholastic, intercollegiate, or other organized amateur athletic competition; or
(B)any rodeo, livestock show, or related event or competition.
(3)"Sports official" means a person who officiates, judges, or in any manner enforces contest rules in any official capacity with respect to:
(A)an interscholastic, intercollegiate, or other organized amateur athletic competition and includes a referee, umpire, linesman, side judge, track or field marshal, timekeeper, or scorekeeper or any other person involved in supervising competitive play; or
(B)any rodeo, livestock show, or related event or competition.
End

Plain-English Summary

Three definitions, and the first is a list of remarkable breadth.

"Athletic competition" means any competitive group or solo sporting activity and includes football, baseball, soccer, basketball, hockey, swimming, track, wrestling, bike or foot races, triathlon, equestrian competitions, golf, marksmanship competitions, darts, billiards, Frisbee golf, fishing tournaments, car racing, and any similar activity that involves any aspect of physical competition or coordination — and a rodeo, livestock show, or related event or competition.

Darts and billiards are in the list, which tells you the drafters meant the general words. The catch-all requires only any aspect of physical competition or coordination.

"Sports official" means a person who officiates, judges, or in any manner enforces contest rules in any official capacity with respect to an athletic competition or a rodeo, livestock show, or related event.

"In any manner enforces contest rules" reaches beyond referees to judges, scorers, timekeepers, and stewards.

"Sponsoring organization" means the individual, club, association, or entity that undertakes to organize, underwrite, sanction, or promote the competition or event.

The chapter exists because officiating at amateur level is largely volunteer work, and a referee sued over a call would be a referee who stops officiating.

Frequently Asked Questions

What counts as an athletic competition in Texas?

Any competitive group or solo sporting activity, including a long list from football to darts and billiards, plus any similar activity involving any aspect of physical competition or coordination, and rodeos and livestock shows.

Who is a sports official?

A person who officiates, judges, or in any manner enforces contest rules in any official capacity — which reaches judges, scorers, timekeepers, and stewards as well as referees.

Who is a sponsoring organization?

The individual, club, association, or entity that organizes, underwrites, sanctions, or promotes the competition or event.

Amendment History

  • Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 348 (H.B. 1040), Sec. 1, eff. June 9, 2015.
Source & verification. Section text is reproduced verbatim from Texas Legislature Online (statutes.capitol.texas.gov). Enacted by the Texas Legislature. Current through May 14, 2026. Last verified August 29, 2026. · Official source