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§ 88.003.Limitations on Cause of Action

Title 4. Liability in Tort · Chapter 88. Health Care Liability · Last amended 2003 · Last verified August 29, 2026

In one sentenceSection 88.003 requires exhaustion of appeals or 30 days' notice plus agreement to independent review before suit, tolls limitations during the process, and lets a court abate rather than dismiss for non-compliance.

Full Text of § 88.003

Text sizeJump to: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

(a)A person may not maintain a cause of action under this chapter against a health insurance carrier, health maintenance organization, or other managed care entity that is required to comply with or otherwise complies with the utilization review requirements of Article 21.58A, Insurance Code, or Chapter 843, Insurance Code, unless the affected insured or enrollee or the insured's or enrollee's representative:
(1)has exhausted the appeals and review applicable under the utilization review requirements; or
(2)before instituting the action:
(A)gives written notice of the claim as provided by Subsection (b); and
(B)agrees to submit the claim to a review by an independent review organization under Article 21.58A, Insurance Code, as required by Subsections (c) and (d).
(b)The notice required by Subsection (a)(2)(A) must be delivered or mailed to the health insurance carrier, health maintenance organization, or managed care entity against whom the action is made not later than the 30th day before the date the claim is filed.
(c)The insured or enrollee or the insured's or enrollee's representative must submit the claim to a review by an independent review organization if the health insurance carrier, health maintenance organization, or managed care entity against whom the claim is made requests the review not later than the 14th day after the date notice under Subsection (a)(2)(A) is received by the health insurance carrier, health maintenance organization, or managed care entity. If the health insurance carrier, health maintenance organization, or managed care entity does not request the review within the period specified by this subsection, the insured or enrollee or the insured's or enrollee's representative is not required to submit the claim to independent review before maintaining the action.
(d)A review conducted under Subsection (c) as requested by a health insurance carrier, health maintenance organization, or managed care entity must be performed in accordance with Article 21.58C, Insurance Code. The health insurance carrier, health maintenance organization, or managed care entity requesting the review must agree to comply with Subdivisions (2), (3), and (4), Section 6A, Article 21.58A, Insurance Code.
(e)Subject to Subsection (f), if the enrollee has not complied with Subsection (a), an action under this section shall not be dismissed by the court, but the court may, in its discretion, order the parties to submit to an independent review or mediation or other nonbinding alternative dispute resolution and may abate the action for a period of not to exceed 30 days for such purposes. Such orders of the court shall be the sole remedy available to a party complaining of an enrollee's failure to comply with Subsection (a).
(f)The enrollee is not required to comply with Subsection (c) and no abatement or other order pursuant to Subsection (e) for failure to comply shall be imposed if the enrollee has filed a pleading alleging in substance that:
(1)harm to the enrollee has already occurred because of the conduct of the health insurance carrier, health maintenance organization, or managed care entity or because of an act or omission of an employee, agent, ostensible agent, or representative of such carrier, organization, or entity for whose conduct it is liable under Section 88.002(b); and
(2)the review would not be beneficial to the enrollee, unless the court, upon motion by a defendant carrier, organization, or entity finds after hearing that such pleading was not made in good faith, in which case the court may enter an order pursuant to Subsection (e).
(g)If the insured or enrollee or the insured's or enrollee's representative seeks to exhaust the appeals and review or provides notice, as required by Subsection (a), before the statute of limitations applicable to a claim against a managed care entity has expired, the limitations period is tolled until the later of:
(1)the 30th day after the date the insured or enrollee or the insured's or enrollee's representative has exhausted the process for appeals and review applicable under the utilization review requirements; or
(2)the 40th day after the date the insured or enrollee or the insured's or enrollee's representative gives notice under Subsection (a)(2)(A).
(h)This section does not prohibit an insured or enrollee from pursuing other appropriate remedies, including injunctive relief, a declaratory judgment, or relief available under law, if the requirement of exhausting the process for appeal and review places the insured's or enrollee's health in serious jeopardy.
End

Plain-English Summary

A pre-suit process requirement, and it is more forgiving than most in this code.

A person may not maintain an action unless the enrollee has exhausted the appeals and review applicable under the utilization review requirements — or, before suing, gives written notice of the claim and agrees to submit the claim to an independent review organization.

The notice is due not later than the 30th day before filing. The entity may then request the independent review within 14 days of receiving it, and the enrollee must submit to it if asked.

Subsection (e) is the significant departure. If the enrollee has not complied, the action shall not be dismissed — the court may in its discretion order the parties to independent review, mediation, or other nonbinding alternative dispute resolution and abate the action for not more than 30 days.

Compare the medical liability expert report, where failure produces mandatory dismissal with prejudice. Here non-compliance costs 30 days.

Subsection (f) excuses the review entirely where the enrollee pleads that harm has already occurred and the review would not be beneficial — unless the court finds after a hearing that the pleading was not made in good faith.

Subsection (g) tolls limitations until the later of 30 days after exhausting the appeals process or 40 days after notice.

Subsection (h) preserves other remedies — including injunctive relief and declaratory judgment — if exhausting the process places the enrollee's health in serious jeopardy.

Frequently Asked Questions

Must I appeal before suing my health plan?

You must exhaust the applicable appeals and review, or give written notice 30 days before filing and agree to independent review if the entity requests it within 14 days.

What if I do not comply?

The action shall not be dismissed. The court may order alternative dispute resolution and abate the case for up to 30 days.

What if the harm has already happened?

You may plead that harm has already occurred and that review would not be beneficial, which excuses the requirement unless the court finds the pleading was not made in good faith.

Does the process affect limitations?

Yes. The period is tolled until the later of 30 days after exhausting appeals or 40 days after the notice.

Amendment History

  • Added by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 163, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1997.
  • Amended by Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. 1327, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1999; Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 1276, Sec. 10A.509, eff. Sept. 1, 2003.
Source & verification. Section text is reproduced verbatim from Texas Legislature Online (statutes.capitol.texas.gov). Enacted by the Texas Legislature. Current through May 14, 2026. Last verified August 29, 2026. · Official source