(1) Form and Contents.
(A) Requirements—In General. Every subpoena must:
(i) state the name of the court;
(ii) state the title of the action and its civil action number;
(iii) command each person to whom it is directed to do the following at a specified time and place within the District of Columbia, unless the parties and person subpoenaed otherwise agree or the court, upon application, fixes another convenient location: attend and testify; produce designated documents, electronically stored information, or tangible things in that person’s possession, custody, or control; or permit the inspection of premises; and
(iv) set out the text of Rule 45(c) and (d).
(B) Command to Attend a Deposition—Notice of the Recording Method. A subpoena commanding attendance at a deposition must state the method for recording the testimony.
(C) Combining or Separating a Command to Produce or to Permit Inspection; Specifying the Form for Electronically Stored Information. A command to produce documents, electronically stored information, or tangible things or to permit the inspection of premises may be included in a subpoena commanding attendance at a deposition, hearing, or trial, or may be set out in a separate subpoena. A subpoena may specify the form or forms in which electronically stored information is to be produced.
(D) Command to Produce; Included Obligations. A command in a subpoena to produce documents, electronically stored information, or tangible things requires the responding person to permit inspection, copying, testing, or sampling of the materials.
(2) [Omitted].
(3) Issued by Whom. The clerk must issue a subpoena, signed but otherwise in blank, to a party who requests it. That party must complete it before service. An attorney authorized to practice in the District of Columbia also may issue and sign a subpoena.
(4) Notice to Other Parties Before Service. If the subpoena commands the production of documents, electronically stored information, or tangible things or the inspection of premises before trial, then before it is served on the person to whom it is directed, a notice and a copy of the subpoena must be served on each party.
(1) By Whom and How; Tendering Fees. Any person who is at least 18 years old and not a party may serve a subpoena. Serving a subpoena requires delivering a copy to the named person and, if the subpoena requires that person's attendance, tendering the fees for one day's attendance and the mileage allowed by law. Fees and mileage need not be tendered when the subpoena issues on behalf of the United States or the District of Columbia or any officers or agencies of either.
(2) Service in the District of Columbia. Subject to Rule 45(c)(3)(A)(ii), a subpoena may be served at any place:
(A) within the District of Columbia;
(B) outside the District of Columbia but within 25 miles of the place specified for the deposition, hearing, trial, production, or inspection; or
(C) that the court authorizes on motion and for good cause, if an applicable statute so provides.
(3) Serving in a Foreign Country. 28 U.S.C. § 1783 governs issuing and serving a subpoena directed to a United States national or resident who is in a foreign country.
(4) Proof of Service. Proving service, when necessary, requires filing with the clerk of the court a statement showing the date and manner of service and the names of the persons served. The statement must be certified by the server.
(c) PROTECTING A PERSON SUBJECT TO A SUBPOENA; ENFORCEMENT.
(1) Avoiding Undue Burden or Expense; Sanctions. A party or attorney responsible for issuing and serving a subpoena must take reasonable steps to avoid imposing undue burden or expense on a person subject to the subpoena. The court must enforce this duty and impose an appropriate sanction—which may include lost earnings and reasonable attorney's fees—on a party or attorney who fails to comply.
(2) Command to Produce Materials or Permit Inspection.
(A) Appearance Not Required. A person commanded to produce documents, electronically stored information, or tangible things, or to permit the inspection of premises, need not appear in person at the place of production or inspection unless also commanded to appear for deposition, hearing, or trial.
(B) Objections. A person commanded to produce documents, electronically stored information, or tangible things or to permit inspection may serve on the party or attorney designated in the subpoena a written objection to inspecting, copying, testing or sampling any or all of the materials or to inspecting the premises—or to producing electronically stored information in the form or forms requested. The objection must be served before the earlier of the time specified for compliance or 14 days after the subpoena is served. If objection is made, the following rules apply:
(i) At any time, on notice to the commanded person, the serving party may move the court for an order compelling production or inspection.
(ii) These acts may be required only as directed in the order, and the order must protect a person who is neither a party nor a party’s officer from significant expense resulting from compliance.
(3) Quashing or Modifying a Subpoena.
(A) When Required. On timely motion, the court must quash or modify a subpoena that:
(i) fails to allow reasonable time to comply;
(ii) requires a person who is neither a party nor a party’s officer to travel more than 25 miles from where that person resides, is employed, or regularly transacts business in person—except that, subject to Rule 45(c)(3)(B)(iii), the person may be commanded to attend a trial by traveling from any such place to the place of trial;
(iii) requires disclosure of privileged or other protected matter, if no exception or waiver applies; or
(iv) subjects a person to undue burden.
(B) When Permitted. To protect a person subject to or affected by a subpoena, the court may, on motion, quash or modify the subpoena if it requires:
(i) disclosing a trade secret or other confidential research, development, or commercial information;
(ii) disclosing an unretained expert's opinion or information that does not describe specific occurrences in dispute and results from the expert's study that was not requested by a party; or
(iii) a person who is neither a party nor a party’s officer to incur substantial expense to travel more than 25 miles to attend trial.
(C) Specifying Conditions as an Alternative. In the circumstances described in Rule 45(c)(3)(B), the court may, instead of quashing or modifying a subpoena, order appearance or production under specified conditions if the serving party:
(i) shows a substantial need for the testimony or material that cannot be otherwise met without undue hardship; and
(ii) ensures that the subpoenaed person will be reasonably compensated.
(d) DUTIES IN RESPONDING TO A SUBPOENA.
(1) Producing Documents or Electronically Stored Information. These procedures apply to producing documents or electronically stored information:
(A) Documents. A person responding to a subpoena to produce documents must produce them as they are kept in the ordinary course of business or must organize and label them to correspond to the categories in the demand.
(B) Form for Producing Electronically Stored Information Not Specified. If a subpoena does not specify a form for producing electronically stored information, the person responding must produce it in a form or forms in which it is ordinarily maintained or in a reasonably usable form or forms.
(C) Electronically Stored Information Produced in Only One Form. The person responding need not produce the same electronically stored information in more than one form.
(D) Inaccessible Electronically Stored Information. The person responding need not provide discovery of electronically stored information from sources that the person identifies as not reasonably accessible because of undue burden or cost. On motion to compel discovery or for a protective order, the person responding must show that the information is not reasonably accessible because of undue burden or cost. If that showing is made, the court may nonetheless order discovery from such sources if the requesting party shows good cause, considering the limitations of Rule 26(b)(2)(C). The court may specify conditions for the discovery.
(2) Claiming Privilege or Protection.
(A) Information Withheld. A person withholding subpoenaed information under a claim that it is privileged or subject to protection as trial-preparation materials must:
(i) expressly make the claim; and
(ii) describe the nature of the withheld documents, communications, or tangible things in a manner that, without revealing information itself privileged or protected, will enable the parties to assess the claim.
(B) Information Produced. If information produced in response to a subpoena is subject to a claim of privilege or of protection as trial-preparation material, the person making the claim may notify any party that received the information of the claim and the basis for it. After being notified, a party must promptly return, sequester, or destroy the specified information and any copies it has; must not use or disclose the information until the claim is resolved; must take reasonable steps to retrieve the information if the party disclosed it before being notified; and may promptly present the information under seal to the court for a determination of the claim. The person who produced the information must preserve the information until the claim is resolved.
(e) TRANSFERRING A SUBPOENA-RELATED MOTION. A subpoena-related motion may be transferred to the court where the action is pending if the person subject to the subpoena consents or if the court finds exceptional circumstances. To enforce its order, the court where the action is pending may transfer the order to the court where the motion was made.
(f) CONTEMPT. The court may hold in contempt a person who, having been served, fails without adequate excuse to obey the subpoena or an order related to it. A nonparty’s failure to obey must be excused if the subpoena purports to require the nonparty to attend or produce at a place outside the limits of Rule 45(c)(3)(A)(ii).
Every subpoena has to identify the court, the case, and its civil action number, command the recipient to appear, produce material, or permit an inspection at a specified time and place in the District of Columbia (unless everyone agrees otherwise or the court sets another location), and set out the text of Rule 45(c) and (d) so the recipient knows their rights and obligations. The clerk issues a signed-but-blank subpoena to any requesting party, who fills it in before service, and any attorney authorized to practice in D.C. can also issue and sign one directly — no need to go through the clerk at all. Before a document or inspection subpoena goes out, the requesting party must give notice and a copy to every other party first.
Service has a distinctly local geographic limit: Rule 45(b)(2) allows service anywhere in the District of Columbia, or outside it but within 25 miles of the place set for the deposition, hearing, trial, production, or inspection — a boundary tied to D.C. Code § 11-942 and considerably tighter than the 100-mile reach federal subpoenas allow. Anyone at least 18 and not a party can serve a subpoena, and serving it means tendering the witness's one-day attendance fee and mileage, except when the subpoena issues on behalf of the United States or the District of Columbia.
Rule 45(c) protects the person on the receiving end. The party issuing a subpoena must take reasonable steps to avoid undue burden or expense, and the court can sanction a party or attorney who does not — including an award of lost earnings and attorney's fees. A person commanded to produce documents can object in writing within 14 days (or by the compliance date if sooner) instead of showing up, and the court must quash or modify a subpoena that gives unreasonable time to comply, forces a nonparty to travel more than 25 miles (with a narrower exception for attending trial), requires disclosing privileged material, or otherwise subjects someone to undue burden. Rule 45(d) then spells out how a recipient must produce documents — organized as kept in the ordinary course of business or labeled to match the request — and how to assert privilege over withheld material without ignoring the subpoena outright. Rule 45(f) backs all of this with contempt power, but a nonparty's failure to comply is excused outright if the subpoena tried to reach beyond the rule's 25-mile travel limit.