805.06.Referees.

Ch. 805: Trials · Last amended 1975 · Last verified July 15, 2026

In one sentenceSection 805.06 lets a court appoint a referee to hear all or part of a case, but only as an exception reserved for complicated jury issues or exceptional non-jury circumstances, and spells out the referee’s powers, the report the referee must file, and how much deference the court gives that report.

Full Text of Section 805.06

Text sizeJump to: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

(1) A court in which an action is pending may appoint a referee who shall have such qualifications as the court deems appropriate. The fees to be allowed to a referee shall be fixed by the court and shall be charged upon such of the parties or paid out of any fund or subject matter of the action, which is in the custody and control of the court, as the court may direct. The referee shall not retain the referee’s report as security for compensation; but if the party ordered to pay the fee allowed by the court does not pay it after notice and within the time prescribed by the court, the referee is entitled to a writ of execution against the delinquent party.

(2) A reference shall be the exception and not the rule. In actions to be tried by a jury, a reference shall be made only when the issues are complicated; in actions to be tried without a jury, save in matters of account and of difficult computation of damages, a reference shall be made only upon a showing that some exceptional condition requires it.

(3) The order of reference to the referee may specify or limit the referee’s powers and may direct the referee to report only upon particular issues or to do or perform particular acts or to receive and report evidence only and may fix the time and place for beginning and closing the hearings and for the filing of the referee’s report. Subject to the specifications and limitations stated in the order, the referee has and shall exercise the power to regulate all proceedings in every hearing before the referee and to do all acts and take all measures necessary or proper for the efficient performance of duties under the order. The referee may require the production of evidence upon all matters embraced in the reference, including the production of all books, papers, vouchers, documents, and writings applicable thereto. The referee may rule upon the admissibility of evidence unless otherwise directed by the order of reference and has the authority to put witnesses on oath and may personally examine them and may call the parties to the action and examine them upon oath. When a party so requests, the referee shall make a record of the evidence offered and excluded in the same manner and subject to the same limitations as a court sitting without a jury.

(4)

(a) When a reference is made, the clerk shall forthwith furnish the referee with a copy of the order of reference. Upon receipt thereof unless the order of reference otherwise provides, the referee shall forthwith set a time and place for the first meeting of the parties or their attorneys to be held within 20 days after the date of the order of reference and shall notify the parties or their attorneys. It is the duty of the referee to proceed with all reasonable diligence. Any party, on notice to the parties and the referee, may apply to the court for an order requiring the referee to speed the proceedings and to make the report. If a party fails to appear at the time and place appointed, the referee may proceed ex parte or may adjourn the proceedings to a future day, giving notice to the absent party of the adjournment.

(b) The parties may procure the attendance of witnesses before the referee by the issuance and service of subpoenas. If without adequate excuse a witness fails to appear to give evidence, the witness may be punished as for a contempt and be subjected to the consequences, penalties, and remedies provided in ss. 885.11 and 885.12.

(c) When matters of accounting are in issue, the referee may prescribe the form in which the accounts shall be submitted and in any proper case may require or receive in evidence a statement by a certified public accountant who is called as a witness. Upon objection of a party to any of the items thus submitted or upon a showing that the form of statement is insufficient, the referee may require a different form of statement to be furnished, or the accounts or specific items thereof to be proved by oral examination of the accounting parties or upon written interrogatories or in such other manner as the referee directs.

(5)

(a) The referee shall prepare a report upon the matters submitted by the order of reference and, if required to make findings of fact and conclusions of law, the referee shall set them forth in the report. The referee shall file the report with the clerk of the court and in an action to be tried without a jury, unless otherwise directed by the order of reference, shall file with it a transcript of the proceedings and of the evidence and the original exhibits. The clerk shall forthwith mail to all parties notice of the filing.

(b) In an action to be tried without a jury the court shall accept the referee’s findings of fact unless clearly erroneous. Within 10 days after being served with notice of the filing of the report any party may serve written objections thereto upon the other parties. Application to the court for action upon the report and upon objections thereto shall be by motion and upon notice. The court after hearing may adopt the report or may modify it or may reject it in whole or in part or may receive further evidence or may recommit it with instruction.

(c) In an action to be tried by a jury the referee shall not be directed to report the evidence. The referee’s findings upon the issues submitted are admissible as evidence of the matters found and may be read to the jury, subject to the ruling of the court upon any objections in point of law which may be made to the report.

(d) The effect of a referee’s report is the same whether or not the parties have consented to the reference; but, when the parties stipulate that a referee’s findings of fact shall be final, only questions of law arising upon the report shall thereafter be considered.

End

Plain-English Summary

Appointing a referee is meant to be unusual, not routine. Section 805.06(2) says a reference “shall be the exception and not the rule”: in a jury case, a reference is proper only when the issues are complicated, and in a non-jury case, apart from matters of account or difficult damage computation, only on a showing that some exceptional condition requires it. When a court does appoint one, Section 805.06(1) lets it set the referee’s qualifications and fees, which get charged to the parties or paid from a fund in the court’s custody.

The order of reference can limit the referee’s powers or direct the referee to address only particular issues. Within whatever scope the order sets, the referee can regulate the proceedings, require production of evidence including books and documents, rule on the admissibility of evidence unless the order says otherwise, put witnesses and parties under oath, and examine them. Section 805.06(4) requires the referee to set the first meeting within 20 days of the order of reference and to proceed with reasonable diligence, and any party can ask the court to order the referee to speed things up.

Once the hearings are done, Section 805.06(5) requires the referee to file a report, including findings of fact and conclusions of law if the order calls for them. In a non-jury action, the court has to accept the referee’s findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous, and a party has 10 days after notice of filing to object; the court can then adopt, modify, reject, or send the report back with instructions. In a jury action, the referee is not directed to report the evidence, but the referee’s findings on the submitted issues are admissible and can be read to the jury, subject to the court’s ruling on legal objections. If the parties stipulate that the referee’s findings of fact are final, only questions of law arising from the report remain open afterward.

Frequently Asked Questions

When will a Wisconsin court appoint a referee instead of hearing the whole case itself?

Only as an exception. Section 805.06(2) allows a reference in a jury case only when the issues are complicated, and in a non-jury case, apart from accounting or difficult damage computation, only on a showing of some exceptional condition.

What powers does a referee have during the proceeding?

Under Section 805.06(3), the referee can regulate all proceedings at the hearing, require production of evidence including books, papers, and documents, rule on the admissibility of evidence unless the order of reference says otherwise, put witnesses under oath, and examine them and the parties.

How much weight does a court give a referee’s findings of fact in a non-jury case?

Section 805.06(5)(b) requires the court to accept the referee’s findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous, though a party may serve written objections within 10 days after notice that the report was filed.

What happens to a referee’s findings in a jury trial?

The referee is not directed to report the evidence. The findings on the issues submitted are admissible and may be read to the jury, subject to the court’s ruling on any objections in point of law to the report.

Can the parties agree to make a referee’s findings final?

Yes. Section 805.06(5)(d) says that when the parties stipulate that a referee’s findings of fact are final, only questions of law arising from the report are considered afterward.

Amendment History

History: Sup. Ct. Order, 67 Wis. 2d 585, 693 (1975); 1975 c. 218.

Source & verification. Section text and official notes are reproduced verbatim from the Wisconsin Statutes, published by the Wisconsin Legislature (Legislative Reference Bureau). Last verified July 15, 2026. · Official source

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