§ 8.01-305.Process against unincorporated associations or orders, or unincorporated common carriers.

Unincorporated groups — associations, orders, and common carriers that never incorporated — do not have the officers and registered agents a corporation statute can point to by name, so Section 8.01-305 keeps the rule flexible. Process against any of these three types of entities may be served on any officer, trustee, director, staff member, or other agent of the organization.

The breadth of that list matters in practice: a plaintiff does not need to identify the top officer of an unincorporated association or lodge to get valid service. Any staff member or agent who can be located will do, subject to § 8.01-286.1. When the entity's principal office sits outside Virginia but it transacts business here, the companion provision in § 8.01-306 takes over instead.