(a) Joinder by Parties. All persons may join in one action as plaintiffs or be joined as defendants jointly, severally, in the alternative, or otherwise, if the right to relief asserted by the plaintiffs or against the defendants arises out of or in respect of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences and involves any question of law or fact common to all of them. A plaintiff or defendant need not be interested in obtaining or defending against all the relief demanded. Judgment may be given for one or more of the plaintiffs according to their respective rights to relief, and against one or more defendants according to their respective liabilities.
Rule 4:29-1.Permissive joinder
Last amended December 1, 2010 · Current through June 18, 2026 · Last verified July 7, 2026
In one sentenceRule 4:29-1 governs permissive joinder of multiple parties — persons may join or be joined where the claims arise out of the same transaction or series and share a common question — and allows the court to order joinder of others liable on the same facts, with special limits for tax-foreclosure and condemnation actions.
Full Text of Rule 4:29-1
(b) Joinder by Order of the Court. The court on its own motion may order the joinder of any person subject to service of process whose existence was disclosed by the notice required by R. 4:5-1(b)(2) or by any other means who may be liable to any party on the basis of the same transactional facts. The court shall not order such joinder unless it finds for specific reasons stated on the record that the interests of judicial economy and of non-parties which would be served by such joinder substantially outweigh the interests of the named parties in not joining additional parties.
(c) Certain Tax Foreclosure and Condemnation Actions. — Anything in paragraph (a) of this rule to the contrary notwithstanding:
(1) A purchaser of a tax sale certificate (other than a municipality) or the purchaser’s heirs or assigns may file a complaint to foreclose the right of redemption and may join therein 2 or more separate causes of action, or causes of action founded upon 2 or more certificates of sale of the same municipality and of the same or different tracts of land, covering but not exceeding 15 tax sale certificates.
(2) Where a municipality has acquired lands by purchase at sales held to enforce a tax or other municipal lien, it may join in an action to foreclose the right of redemption of such lands, causes of action to foreclose such rights of redemption, covering but not exceeding 15 tax sale certificates.
(3) The plaintiff in an action under N.J.S.A. 54:5-104.29 et seq. (In Rem Tax Foreclosure Act) may join in the action not more than 200 tax sale certificates.
(4) The plaintiff in an action under R.S. 54:8-3 (Destruction or Loss of Public Tax Records) may join in the action any number of separate parcels of land of the same owner.
(5) The plaintiff in an action for condemnation may join in the action not more than 10 separate parcels of land, except by leave of court.
(6) The plaintiff in an action for foreclosure of timeshare mortgages may join in the action not more than 10 separate timeshare units, provided all involve the same timeshare plan and the nature of the default is substantially the same for each timeshare mortgage joined.
Amendment History
New Jersey publishes each rule’s amendment record in a “History” note beneath the rule. It is reproduced verbatim below; the “R.R.” citations refer to the former Revised Rules numbering the current rules replaced.
Source-R.R. 4:33-1(a)(b); paragraph (b)(1), (2) and (3); amended July 16, 1981 to be effective September 14, 1981; paragraph (a); amended June 29, 1990 to be effective September 4, 1990; paragraph (b)(1); amended July 13, 1994 to be effective September 1, 1994; caption and text of paragraph (a); amended, former paragraph (b) redesignated as paragraph (c), and new paragraph (b) adopted July 10, 1998 to be effective September 1, 1998; former paragraph (c)(6) renumbered as paragraph (c)(7) and new paragraph (c)(6) added October 28, 2010 to be effective December 1, 2010.
Plain-English Summary
This rule lets a case gather the parties who belong together. Persons may join as plaintiffs, or be joined as defendants, where the right to relief arises out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series and involves a common question of law or fact; a party need not be interested in all the relief demanded. The court may also, on its own motion, order joinder of someone who may be liable to any party on the same transactional facts, but only where the interests of judicial economy and non-parties substantially outweigh the named parties’ interest in not adding parties.
Specialized actions carry numeric limits. The rule caps how many tax sale certificates, parcels, or timeshare units may be joined in various tax-foreclosure and condemnation actions, and preserves the service requirements when such an action is severed.
Frequently Asked Questions
When can multiple parties be joined in one New Jersey action?
When the right to relief arises out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences and involves a question of law or fact common to all of them.
Can the court add a party on its own?
Yes. The court may order joinder of a person who may be liable to any party on the same transactional facts, but only on specific findings that judicial economy and non-party interests substantially outweigh the named parties’ interest in not adding parties.
Source & verification. The rule text and amendment history are reproduced verbatim from the
official New Jersey Rules of Court (N.J. Ct. R. 4:29-1). Prescribed by the Supreme Court of New Jersey (N.J. Const. art. VI, § 2, ¶ 3). The plain-English summary is original and written by us. Last verified July 7, 2026. ·
Official source
Also known as: permissive joinderjoinder of multiple partiesjoinder of partiessame transaction or occurrence