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Section 2-28.Overdraft Notification

Current through August 12, 2025 (2026 Practice Book edition) · Last verified July 9, 2026

In one sentenceThis section requires banks and other financial institutions holding attorney trust accounts to notify the Statewide Grievance Committee whenever an instrument is presented against insufficient funds, giving disciplinary authorities an early warning system for mishandled client money.

Full Text of Section 2-28

Text sizeJump to: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)

(a) The terms used in this section are defined as follows:
(1) ‘‘Financial institution’’ includes banks, savings and loan associations, credit unions, savings banks and any other business or person which accepts for deposit funds held in trust by attorneys.
(2) ‘‘Properly payable’’ refers to an instrument which, if presented in the normal course of business, is in a form requiring payment under law.
(3) ‘‘Insufficient funds’’ refers to the status of an account that does not contain sufficient funds available to pay a properly payable instrument.
(4) ‘‘Uncollected funds’’ refers to funds deposited in an account and available to be drawn upon but not yet deemed by the financial institution to have been collected.
(b) Attorneys shall deposit all funds held in any fiduciary capacity in accounts clearly identified as ‘‘trust,’’ ‘‘client funds’’ or ‘‘escrow’’ accounts, referred to herein as ‘‘trust accounts,’’ and shall take all steps necessary to inform the depository institution of the purpose and identity of such accounts. Funds held in trust include funds held in any fiduciary capacity in connection with a representation in Connecticut, whether as trustee, agent, guardian, executor or otherwise. Where an attorney fiduciary has the right to draw by a properly payable instrument on such trust account in which the funds of more than one client are kept, such account shall be maintained only in financial institutions approved by the Statewide Grievance Committee. No such trust account in which the funds of more than one client are kept shall be maintained in any financial institution in Connecticut which does not file the agreement required by this section. Violation of this subsection shall constitute misconduct.
(c) Attorneys regularly maintaining funds in a fiduciary capacity shall register any account in which the funds of more than one client are kept with the Statewide Grievance Committee in accordance with Section 2-27 (d).
(d) A financial institution shall be approved as a depository for attorney trust accounts only if it files with the Statewide Grievance Committee an agreement, in a form provided by the committee, to report to the committee the fact that an instrument has been presented against an attorney trust account containing insufficient funds, irrespective of whether or not the instrument is honored. No report shall be required if funds in an amount sufficient to cover the deficiency in the trust account are deposited within one business day of the presentation of the instrument. No report shall be required in the case of an instrument presented and paid against uncollected funds.
(e) Any such agreement shall not be cancelled by a financial institution except upon thirty days written notice to the Statewide Grievance Committee. The Statewide Grievance Committee shall establish rules governing approval and termination of approved status for financial institutions, and shall publish annually a list of approved institutions. Any such agreement shall apply to all branches of the financial institution in Connecticut and shall not be cancelled except upon thirty days notice in writing to the Statewide Grievance Committee.
(f) The financial institution shall report to the Statewide Grievance Committee within seven business days from the date of such presentation, any instrument presented against insufficient funds on any trust funds account unless funds in an amount sufficient to cover the deficiency in the account are deposited within one business day of the presentation of the instrument. The report shall be accompanied by a copy of the instrument.
(g) The Statewide Grievance Committee may delegate to the statewide bar counsel the authority to investigate overdraft notifications and determine that no misconduct has occurred or that no further action is warranted. Any determination that misconduct may have occurred and a grievance complaint should be initiated, unless such complaint is premised upon the failure of an attorney to file an explanation of an overdraft, shall be made by the Statewide Grievance Committee.
(h) Upon receipt of notification of an overdraft, the Statewide Grievance Committee, its counsel or disciplinary counsel may request that the attorney produce such books of account and statements of reconciliation, and any other records required to be maintained pursuant to Section 2-27 (b) for review, examination or audit. Failure of the attorney to respond to inquiries of the Statewide Grievance Committee, its counsel, or disciplinary counsel, or to produce the requested books of account and statements of reconciliation or other records shall be grounds for disciplinary counsel to file an application for an interim suspension in accordance with the provisions of Section 2-42.
(i) Every attorney practicing or admitted to practice in Connecticut shall, as a condition thereof, be conclusively presumed to have authorized the reporting and production requirements of this section. Where an attorney qualifies as executor of a will or as trustee or successor fiduciary, the attorney fiduciary shall have a reasonable time after qualification to bring preexisting trust accounts into compliance with the provisions of this section.
End

Amendment History

(P.B. 1978-1997, Sec. 27A.1.) (Amended June 24, 2002, to take effect July 1, 2003; May 14, 2003, effective date changed to Oct. 1, 2003; Sept. 30, 2003, effective date changed to Jan. 1, 2004; amended June 26, 2006, to take effect Jan. 1, 2007.)

Plain-English Summary

Section 2-28 sets up a reporting system for attorney trust accounts — the accounts lawyers use to hold client or escrow funds. It defines key terms like “financial institution,” “properly payable,” and “insufficient funds,” then requires attorneys to keep trust funds in accounts clearly labeled as trust, client funds, or escrow accounts. Any account holding funds for more than one client must sit at a financial institution approved by the Statewide Grievance Committee, and attorneys must register those accounts with the committee. Violating the labeling or approved-institution requirement is misconduct.

A bank earns approval by agreeing, in writing, to report to the committee whenever an instrument is presented against a trust account with insufficient funds — whether or not the bank ends up paying it. The bank has seven business days to file that report, along with a copy of the instrument, unless the attorney covers the shortfall within one business day or the instrument was drawn against merely uncollected (not insufficient) funds. Banks can end their reporting agreement only with thirty days’ written notice to the committee. Once notified of an overdraft, the committee or its counsel may demand the attorney’s trust account books and records, and refusing to produce them can trigger a request for interim suspension. Practicing law in Connecticut is treated as consent to all of this.

Frequently Asked Questions

What triggers a bank's duty to report under Section 2-28?

A bank must report to the Statewide Grievance Committee when an instrument is presented against an attorney trust account that lacks sufficient funds, unless the attorney deposits enough money to cover the shortfall within one business day of presentation.

Does a trust account overdraft automatically mean an attorney committed misconduct?

Not necessarily. The committee or its delegated bar counsel investigates each overdraft notification and may determine that no misconduct occurred or that no further action is warranted.

Which trust accounts must be held at an approved financial institution?

Any trust account holding funds of more than one client must be maintained at a financial institution that has filed the required reporting agreement with the Statewide Grievance Committee, and the attorney must register that account with the committee.

What happens if an attorney won't turn over trust account records after an overdraft notice?

Failure to respond to the committee's inquiries or produce requested books and records is grounds for disciplinary counsel to seek the attorney's interim suspension.

Source & verification. The section text is reproduced verbatim from the official Connecticut Practice Book (Conn. Practice Book § 2-28). Prescribed by the Judges of the Superior Court of Connecticut (Conn. Gen. Stat. Section 51-14). The plain-English summary is original and written by us. Last verified July 9, 2026. · Official source
Also known as: attorney trust account overdraft notice Connecticutclients funds overdraft reportingIOLTA overdraft rule CTbank notification statewide grievance committeeattorney escrow account reporting requirementtrust account insufficient funds rule