(A) Preliminary Instructions. After the jury is sworn and before evidence is taken, the court shall orally provide the jury with pretrial instructions reasonably likely to assist in its consideration of the case. Such instructions, at a minimum, shall communicate the duties of the jury, trial procedure, and the law applicable to the case as are reasonably necessary to enable the jury to understand the proceedings and the evidence. The jury also shall be orally instructed about the elements of all civil claims or all charged offenses, as well as the legal presumptions and burdens of proof. The court shall also provide each juror with a written copy of such instructions. MCR 2.512(D)(2) does not apply to such preliminary instructions.
Rule 2.513.Conduct of Jury Trial
Current through May 1, 2026 · Last verified July 6, 2026
In one sentenceRule 2.513 sets the ground rules for running a Michigan jury trial from start to finish -- preliminary instructions, the court's duty to control the proceedings, opening and closing statements, optional tools like juror notebooks and juror questions, note-taking, jury views, and the process for giving final instructions and handling jury questions during deliberation.
Full Text of Rule 2.513
(B) Court’s Responsibility. The trial court must control the proceedings during trial, limit the evidence and arguments to relevant and proper matters, and take appropriate steps to ensure that the jurors will not be exposed to information or influences that might affect their ability to render an impartial verdict on the evidence presented in court. The court may not communicate with the jury or any juror pertaining to the case without notifying the parties and permitting them to be present. The court must ensure that all communications pertaining to the case between the court and the jury or any juror are made a part of the record.
(C) Opening Statements. Unless the parties and the court agree otherwise, the plaintiff or the prosecutor, before presenting evidence, must make a full and fair statement of the case and the facts the plaintiff or the prosecutor intends to prove. Immediately thereafter, or immediately before presenting evidence, the defendant may make a similar statement. The court may impose reasonable time limits on the opening statements.
(D) Interim Commentary. Each party may, in the court’s discretion, present interim commentary at appropriate junctures of the trial.
(E) Reference Documents. The court may authorize or require counsel in civil and criminal cases to provide the jurors with a reference document or notebook, the contents of which should include, but which is not limited to, a list of witnesses, relevant statutory provisions, and, in cases where the interpretation of a document is at issue, copies of the relevant document. The court and the parties may supplement the reference document during trial with copies of the preliminary jury instructions, admitted exhibits, and other admissible information to assist jurors in their deliberations.
(F) Deposition Summaries. Where it appears likely that the contents of a deposition will be read to the jury, the court should encourage the parties to prepare concise, written summaries of depositions for reading at trial in lieu of the full deposition. Where a summary is prepared, the opposing party shall have the opportunity to object to its contents. Copies of the summaries should be provided to the jurors before they are read.
(G) Scheduling Expert Testimony. In a civil action, the court may, in its discretion, craft a procedure for the presentation of all expert testimony to assist the jurors in performing their duties. Such procedures may include, but are not limited to:
(1) Scheduling the presentation of the parties’ expert witnesses sequentially; or
(2) allowing the opposing experts to be present during the other’s testimony and to aid counsel in formulating questions to be asked of the testifying expert on cross-examination.
(H) Note Taking by Jurors. The court may permit the jurors to take notes regarding the evidence presented in court. If the court permits note taking, it must instruct the jurors that they need not take notes, and they should not permit note taking to interfere with their attentiveness. If the court allows jurors to take notes, jurors must be allowed to refer to their notes during deliberations, but the court must instruct the jurors to keep their notes confidential except as to other jurors during deliberations. The court shall ensure that all juror notes are collected and destroyed when the trial is concluded.
(I) Juror Questions. The court may permit the jurors to ask questions of witnesses. If the court permits jurors to ask questions, it must employ a procedure that ensures that such questions are addressed to the witnesses by the court itself, that inappropriate questions are not asked, and that the parties have an opportunity outside the hearing of the jury to object to the questions. The court shall inform the jurors of the procedures to be followed for submitting questions to witnesses.
(J) Jury View. On motion of either party, on its own initiative, or at the request of the jury, the court may order a jury view of property or of a place where a material event occurred. The parties are entitled to be present at the jury view, provided, however, that in a criminal case, the court may preclude a defendant from attending a jury view in the interests of safety and security. During the view, no person, other than an officer designated by the court, may speak to the jury concerning the subject connected with the trial. Any such communication must be recorded in some fashion.
(K) Juror Discussion. In a civil case, after informing the jurors that they are not to decide the case until they have heard all the evidence, instructions of law, and arguments of counsel, the court may instruct the jurors that they are permitted to discuss the evidence among themselves in the jury room during trial recesses. The jurors should be instructed that such discussions may only take place when all jurors are present and that such discussions must be clearly understood as tentative pending final presentation of all evidence, instructions, and argument.
(L) Closing Arguments. After the close of all the evidence, the parties may make closing arguments. The plaintiff or the prosecutor is entitled to make the first closing argument. If the
defendant makes an argument, the plaintiff or the prosecutor may offer a rebuttal limited to the issues raised in the defendant’s argument. The court may impose reasonable time limits on the closing arguments.
(M) Summing up the Evidence. After the close of the evidence and arguments of counsel, the court may fairly and impartially sum up the evidence if it also instructs the jury that it is to determine for itself the weight of the evidence and the credit to be given to the witnesses and that jurors are not bound by the court’s summation. The court shall not comment on the credibility of witnesses or state a conclusion on the ultimate issue of fact before the jury.
(N) Final Instructions to the Jury.
(1) Before closing arguments, the court must give the parties a reasonable opportunity to submit written requests for jury instructions. Each party must serve a copy of the written requests on all other parties. The court must inform the parties of its proposed action on the requests before their closing arguments. After closing arguments are made or waived, the court must orally instruct the jury as required and appropriate, but at the discretion of the court, and on notice to the parties, the court may orally instruct the jury before the parties make closing arguments. After jury deliberations begin, the court may give additional instructions that are appropriate.
(2) Solicit Questions about Final Instructions. As part of the final jury instructions, the court shall advise the jury that it may submit in a sealed envelope given to the bailiff any written questions about the jury instructions that arise during deliberations. After orally delivering the final instructions, the court shall invite the jurors to ask any questions in order to clarify the instructions before they retire to deliberate. If questions arise, the court and the parties shall convene, in the courtroom or by other agreed-upon means. The question shall be read into the record, and the attorneys shall offer comments on an appropriate response. The court may, in its discretion, provide the jury with a specific response to the jury’s question, but the court shall respond to all questions asked, even if the response consists of a directive for the jury to continue its deliberations.
(3) Copies of Final Instructions. The court shall provide a written copy of the final jury instructions to take into the jury room for deliberation. Upon request by any juror, the court may provide additional copies as necessary. The court, in its discretion, also may provide the jury with a copy of electronically recorded instructions.
(4) Clarifying or Amplifying Final Instructions. When it appears that a deliberating jury has reached an impasse, or is otherwise in need of assistance, the court may invite the jurors to list the issues that divide or confuse them in the event that the judge can be of assistance in clarifying or amplifying the final instructions.
(O) Materials in the Jury Room. The court shall permit the jurors, on retiring to deliberate, to take into the jury room their notes and final instructions. The court may permit the jurors to take into the jury room the reference document, if one has been prepared, as well as any exhibits and writings admitted into evidence.
(P) Provide Testimony or Evidence. If, after beginning deliberation, the jury requests a review of certain testimony or evidence that has not been allowed into the jury room under subrule (O), the court must exercise its discretion to ensure fairness and to refuse unreasonable requests, but it may not refuse a reasonable request. The court may make a video or audio recording of witness testimony, or prepare an immediate transcript of such testimony, and such tape or transcript, or other testimony or evidence, may be made available to the jury for its consideration. The court may order the jury to deliberate further without the requested review,
as long as the possibility of having the testimony or evidence reviewed at a later time is not foreclosed.
Amendment History
Michigan tracks the orders that adopt and amend its Court Rules in a separate administrative record rather than printing a history note beneath each rule in the compiled rules text reproduced here. The text above is verified current through the source’s own May 1, 2026 update; for the full order-by-order history of this rule, see the Michigan Supreme Court’s rules and orders page.
Plain-English Summary
Before any evidence is taken, the court has to give the sworn jury oral preliminary instructions covering their duties, trial procedure, the elements of the claims or charges, and the applicable legal presumptions and burdens, backed up by a written copy for each juror. Throughout the trial, the court is responsible for controlling the proceedings, keeping evidence and argument relevant, shielding jurors from outside influence, and making sure any court-to-jury communication about the case happens with the parties present and on the record. The plaintiff (or prosecutor) opens with a full statement of the case before presenting evidence, the defendant can respond in kind, and the court can cap the time for both opening and closing arguments; along the way, the court has discretion to allow interim commentary from the parties, a shared juror reference notebook, concise deposition summaries in place of full transcripts, and a sequencing plan for expert testimony that lets opposing experts hear each other's testimony.
Several optional tools shape how jurors experience the trial: the court can let jurors take notes (with an instruction that note-taking isn't required and shouldn't distract from paying attention, and that notes stay confidential except among jurors during deliberations, then get collected and destroyed afterward), let jurors ask questions of witnesses through a controlled procedure that gives the parties a chance to object first, order a jury view of a relevant place or property, and, in a civil case, let jurors discuss the evidence among themselves during recesses once all are told the discussions are tentative until all the evidence, instructions, and arguments are in. After closing arguments (which the court can also time-limit, with rebuttal reserved for the plaintiff or prosecution and limited to issues the defense raised), and after the court's own permitted, neutral summation of the evidence if it chooses to give one, the court delivers final instructions following the same request-and-objection process as Rule 2.512, while also inviting the jury to submit written questions about those instructions before they retire and responding to any question that comes up during deliberations after consulting with the parties. Jurors take their notes, final instructions, and (at the court's discretion) the reference notebook and admitted exhibits into the jury room, and if they later ask to review testimony or evidence not already available to them, the court must exercise real discretion to grant reasonable requests rather than refusing them outright.
Frequently Asked Questions
What has to happen before the jury hears any evidence?
The court must orally give preliminary instructions on the jury's duties, trial procedure, the elements of the claims or charges, and applicable legal presumptions and burdens of proof, along with a written copy for each juror.
Can jurors ask questions of witnesses in a Michigan trial?
Only if the court permits it, and even then only through a controlled procedure where the court itself asks the questions, screens out inappropriate ones, and gives the parties a chance to object outside the jury's hearing first.
Can jurors take notes during trial, and can they use them later?
Yes, if the court allows it. Jurors can refer to their notes during deliberations, but the notes stay confidential except among jurors, and the court has them collected and destroyed once the trial ends.
What happens if the jury asks to review testimony during deliberations?
The court must exercise real discretion and generally cannot refuse a reasonable request; it can provide a recording, transcript, or other testimony or evidence, or order the jury to keep deliberating without foreclosing a later review.
Source & verification. The rule text is reproduced verbatim from the
official Michigan Court Rules (MCR 2.513). Prescribed by the Supreme Court of Michigan (Mich. Const. 1963, art. VI, § 5). The plain-English summary is original and written by us. Last verified July 6, 2026. ·
Official source
Also known as: conduct of jury trial Michiganjuror notebook Michigan trialjurors asking questions of witnessesjury note taking Michiganfinal jury instructions Michigan