Rule 82.Jurisdiction and venue.

Subdivision (b)(1). The provision of clause (A), allowing suit in the county where a defendant resides, is common to both the law and equity venue statutes. The “material defendant” language has been incorporated from the equity statute to prevent a plaintiff from joining a nominal defendant for the express purpose of shifting the venue of the action. A “material defendant” has been defined as meaning “one against whom some relief is sought.” Wilson v. Wilson, 246 Ala. 346, 20 So.2d 452 (1945).

Clause (A), allowing actions, other than those on a contract, to be brought in the county where the claim arose, adopts the broader law provision rather than the restrictive equity provision. The law provision seems preferable because in tort cases the county where the claim arose will frequently be most convenient for witnesses, for a view by the jurors, etc. There is less necessity for allowing an alternate venue in contract actions, and the general policy of Alabama legislation has been to make a defendant subject to suit only in the county where he resides, except where there is a good reason why he should be sued elsewhere. Ashurst v. Gibson, 57 Ala. 584 (1877).

Clause (B) incorporates provisions of both venue statutes as they apply to specific actions involving land.

Subdivision (b)(2). This states the rule heretofore followed in actions at law, that a suit against a nonresident may be brought in any county where he is found and served with process, or where he enters an appearance. Steen v. Swadley, 126 Ala. 616, 28 So. 620 (1900); Jefferson County Savings Bank v. Carland, 195 Ala. 279, 71 So. 126 (1916); Conner v. Willet, 265 Ala. 319, 91 So.2d 225 (1956). This subdivision has no application to suits against foreign corporations, as to which venue will continue to be governed by Code 1940, Tit. 7, § 60.

Subdivision (b)(3). This subdivision preserves existing venue statutes, other than the general law and equity venue statutes, Code 1940, Tit. 7, §§ 54, 294, [see Code of Ala., § 6-3-2], and permits suit in any county, other than as provided in Rule 82(b), where a statute so provides.

Subdivision (c). These rules provide for a more liberal joinder of claims and of parties than has hitherto been possible in Alabama. These joinder provisions will be greatly restricted if venue must be proper as to every claim and every party which is joined, and authorization of liberalized joinder having been contemplated by the enabling act, such restriction is not considered to have been intended by the legislature. The correct principle seems to be that once venue is properly laid, other claims and parties may be joined as ancillary to the original action regardless of venue requirements. Lesnik v. Public Industrials Corp., 144 F.2d 968 (2d Cir.1914); Lone Star Package Car Co. v. Baltimore & O.R. Co., 212 F.2d 147 (5th Cir.1954); Lacewell v. Griffin, 214 Ark. 909, 219 S.W.2d 227 (1949); 3 Moore’s Federal Practice, § 14.28(2) (2d ed.1948); 1 Barron & Holtzoff, Federal Practice and Procedure, § 424 (1950); Wright’s Minnesota Rules 24 (1956 Cum.Supp.). But cf. Tex.R.C.P. 38; Union Bus Lines v. Byrd, 178 S.W.2d 544 (Tex.Civ.App.1943), certified questions answered 142 Tex. 257, 177 S.W.2d 774. Since the ancillary concept is somewhat “amorphous”, subdivision (c) has been added to clarify its application to venue requirements. It should be noted that subdivision (c) cannot be applied in a suit against a foreign corporation so as to violate the constitution. Const.1901, § 232, providing that a foreign corporation may be sued in any county in which it does business, has been held to be mandatory and restrictive, and not merely permissive. May v. Strickland, 235 Ala. 482, 180 So. 93 (1938). And this has been interpreted to mean that where a foreign corporation and another defendant are sued together, suit in a county where the foreign corporation does not do business is improper, even though the county was a proper venue as to the other defendant. Alabama Warehousing Company v. Hyatt, 26 Ala.App. 117, 154 So. 313 (1934). Rule 82(c) cannot alter this holding. But in a similar situation, the rule will permit suit to be brought in a county where the foreign corporation does business even though that county would not have been a proper venue as to other parties which are not foreign corporations. Severance and transfer may be necessary with respect to the addition of a foreign corporation as a party pursuant to the second sentence.

Subdivision (d). Dismissal of an action because venue is improper, when there is some other county in the state where venue would be proper, is a wasteful procedure, resulting only in delay and expense. This subdivision provides that the court where the action was brought must transfer the action to the proper county. The subdivision is based on Tit. 7, § 64(1) which calls for similar action upon successful attack on venue.

It should be noted that subdivision (d) has nothing to do with the doctrine of forum non conveniens. Rule 82(d) applies only where the original venue was not proper.

Committee Comments to the Amendment Effective March 1, 1982

The revision of Rule 82(d) arises from dissatisfaction with the rules’ failure to treat the problem of transfer of venue except in the context of defective venue as of the commencement of the action. The Committee has concluded that it lacks any authority to make a recommendation which would lead to a change in the venue laws as they relate to the proper forum in which to commence an action. The Committee further has substantial reservations about its involvement in a proposal to create a transfer of venue simply for convenience of parties and witnesses. However, the Committee did see a legitimate avenue of needed reform in connection with provision for transfers of venue in a context where venue was appropriate at the time of the commencement of the action, but subsequent developments have caused the party whose presence made venue appropriate to be dismissed from the proceeding. It is within that narrow area that the revision to Rule 82 functions. The rule is drawn so as to permit transfer in the event the plaintiff entered into a voluntary dismissal of the defendant or defendants whose presence made venue proper in the court in which the action was filed. Such transfer could occur at any time, even during trial, except when the dismissal is a part of a bona fide pro tanto settlement.

The revision also contemplates the transfer of the action when there has been an involuntary dismissal of the defendant whose presence made venue appropriate as of the commencement of the action. However, such transfer cannot occur unless the order of dismissal has become final either by appeal or the expiration of the time for the taking of an appeal. Consequently, the granting of a motion for directed verdict during trial would not give rise to the basis for a transfer under Rule 82(d)(2)(B).

The revision treats the procedure for selection of the forum to which an action should be transferred. The transferee forum should be one in which the venue is appropriate. If the defendants are unable to agree unanimously on an appropriate transferee forum, then the court, in its discretion, may make a designation of the transferee court in which venue is appropriate. Note that it is not necessary in a transfer after a dismissal of the defendant whose presence made venue appropriate as of the commencement of the action, for all defendants to join in the motion. The court may, in its discretion, transfer the action even over the objection of some of the defendants.

So as to eliminate any potential for abuse by reason of undue delay in seeking a transfer which becomes available under Rule 82(d)(2), certain time limits in which action must be taken are prescribed by Rule 82(d)(2)(c). Where the basis for transfer arises from a voluntary dismissal by the plaintiff, Rule 82(d)(2)(A), a thirty-day time limit applies unless the trial of the case is less than thirty days away or the trial of a case has in fact commenced and, in those contexts, the motion must be made as soon as practicable. Where the basis for transfer becomes available upon an involuntary dismissal, Rule 82(d)(2)(B), a thirty-day time limit applies from the date that the right to transfer becomes available unless the trial of the case is less than thirty days away and, in that context, the motion must be made as soon as practicable. Rule 82(d)(2)(B) requires that such motion must be served prior to the commencement of trial and, consequently, a motion to transfer which is served after that point cannot, by the express terms of the foregoing provision of Rule 82(d)(2)(B), be treated as having been filed “as soon as practicable.” Thus, should the requisite time for finality of an involuntary dismissal fall subsequent to the date upon which the case is set for trial, a motion to transfer would be unavailable.

Committee Comments to Rule 82(d)(2)(c) as Amended Effective September 1, 1987

Prior to this amendment, the time requirements contained in these subsections were triggered by the order of dismissal. Experience proved that such orders in some circuits were not forwarded to all parties in the action. Consequently, the committee determined that this amendment was in order so that all parties might receive timely notice of the dismissal of a defendant and so that the time for seeking a change of venue might be triggered by the filing of such a formal notice. This is a procedure similar to the procedure employed under Rule 25 dealing with substitution following the death of a party. Under the amended rule, a motion for transfer may also be filed following the dismissal of a defendant even though a notice of dismissal has not yet been filed by the plaintiff.

Committee Comments to Rule 82(d)(4) added by amendment Effective September 1, 1987

In Ex parte Smith, 423 So.2d 844 (Ala.1982), the Supreme Court held that Rules 9 and 82, as then written, did not preclude consideration of fictitious parties in determining the propriety of venue under certain circumstances. Specifically, Smith held that the amendment of a complaint to substitute a real party for a fictitious party related back to the time of the commencement of the action and thus cured a venue defect that existed with reference to the real parties as of the time of the commencement of the action. The addition of subparagraph (4) to Rule 82(d) serves to permit the continued consideration of fictitious parties in determining the propriety of venue for up to 75 days after the filing of a motion to transfer. This amendment eliminates consideration of fictitious defendants in determining the correctness of venue after the expiration of 75 days from the filing of a motion to transfer. Thus, the actual party must be substituted for a fictitious party within 75 days from the filing of a motion to transfer in order for the fictitious party to affect the venue of the action.

Committee Comments to October 1, 1995, Amendment to Rule 82

The amendment replaced the citation to the Code of Alabama 1940 (Recomp. 1958) with a citation to the corresponding section of the Code of Alabama 1975.

Committee Comments to Amendment to Rule 82(d)(3) Effective January 1, 2013

The amendment to Rule 82(d)(3) provides for electronically transferring case files in accord with current practice.

District Court Committee Comments (Effective July 1, 1983)

The initial version of Rule 14(dc) eliminated third-party practice from district courts on the premise that the concept of pendent venue provided for in Rule 82(c) should not be available in actions limited to a value of $5,000. The July 1, 1983, revision of Rule 14(dc) to allow third-party practice meets a criticism of the earlier version of that rule, which had withheld the availability of third-party practice in district courts even where venue was otherwise proper as to the thirdparty defendant. With the July 1, 1983, revision of Rule 14(dc) and the companion revision of Rule 82(dc), third-party practice is proper in the district court when venue as to the third-party claim exists independently of venue as to the main action.

Note from the reporter of decisions: The order amending, effective January 1, 2013, Rule 1(a), Rule 45(b)(1), and Rule 82(d)(3), and adopting effective January 1, 2013, Rule 58(d) and the Committee Comments to the Amendment to Rule 1(a) Effective January 1, 2013, the Committee Comments to the Amendment to Rule 45(b)(1) Effective January 1, 2013, the Committee Comments to the Adoption of Rule 58(d) Effective January 1, 2013, and the Committee Comments to the Amendment to Rule 82(d)(3) Effective January 1, 2013, are published in that volume of Alabama Reporter that contains Alabama cases from ___ So. 3d.