Rule 49.Special verdict; general verdict and questions; proceedings on return of verdict; form of verdict.

Last amended January 1, 2019 · Last verified July 1, 2026

In one sentenceRule 49 sets out the formats a jury can use to record its decision — a plain verdict, special written findings, or a general verdict paired with written questions — and what the court does when the answers don't line up.

Full Text of Rule 49

Text sizeJump to: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

(a) Special verdict.

(1) Generally. The court may require a jury to return only a special verdict in the form of a special written finding on each issue of fact. The court may do so by:

(A) Submitting written questions susceptible of a brief answer;

(B) Submitting written forms of the special findings that might properly be made under the pleadings and evidence; or

(2) Instructions. The court must give the instructions and explanations necessary to enable the jury to make its findings on each submitted issue.

(3) Issues not submitted. A party waives the right to a jury trial on any issue of fact raised by the pleadings or evidence but not submitted to the jury unless, before the jury retires, the party demands its submission to the jury. If the party does not demand submission, the court may make a finding on the issue. If the court makes no finding, it is considered to have made a finding consistent with its judgment on the special verdict.

(b) General verdict with answers to written questions.

(1) Generally. The court may submit to the jury forms for a general verdict, together with written questions on one or more issues of fact that the jury must decide. The court must give the instructions and explanations necessary to enable the jury to render a general verdict and answer the questions in writing, and must direct the jury to do both.

(2) Verdict and answers consistent. If the general verdict and the answers are consistent, the court must approve, for entry under Rule 58, an appropriate judgment on the verdict and answers.

(3) Answers inconsistent with the verdict. If the answers are consistent with each other but one or more is inconsistent with the general verdict, the court may:

(A) Approve, for entry under Rule 58, an appropriate judgment according to the answers, notwithstanding the general verdict;

(B) Direct the jury to further consider its answers and verdict; or

(4) Answers inconsistent with each other and the verdict. If the answers are inconsistent with each other and one or more is also inconsistent with the general verdict, judgment must not be entered; instead, the court must direct the jury to further consider its answers and verdict, or must order a new trial.

(c) Written questions in actions seeking equitable relief. If a jury is impaneled in an action seeking equitable relief and more than one material issue of fact is presented, the court may submit written questions to the jury covering all or part of the issues of fact. The questions may be submitted only if the court approves them, and each question must be confined to a single question of fact and framed so that it can be answered yes or no. The jury’s answers are advisory only and are not binding on the court.

(d) Return of verdict.

(1) Number of jurors who must agree. Subject to any stipulation of the parties under Rule 48, if a jury has 8 members, 6 or more members must agree on the verdict.

(2) Return of verdict. If the jurors unanimously agree on a verdict, the foreperson must sign it, either by affixing his or her signature on the verdict or by writing his or her juror number and initials on the verdict. The verdict will then be returned to the court. If the jurors do not unanimously agree on a verdict, but a sufficient number agree to support the verdict, those jurors who agree must each sign the verdict, either by affixing their signatures on the verdict or by writing their juror numbers and initials on the verdict. The verdict will then be returned to the court.

(e) Proceedings on return of verdict.

(1) Generally. Once a verdict is returned:

(A) The clerk must read the verdict and inquire of the jury if it is their verdict;

(B) If any juror disagrees that it is their verdict, the judge must poll the jury under rule 49(e)(2); and

(C) If no juror disagrees, and subject to reformation under Rule 49(f), the court should receive the verdict, order it entered, and discharge the jury.

(2) Polling the jury. After the jury returns a verdict but before the court discharges the jury, the court must on a party’s request, or may on its own, poll the jurors individually. The court must not identify the individual jurors by name during polling, but should use other methods or form of identification as is appropriate to ensure that the poll is accurate and to accommodate the jurors’ privacy. If the poll reveals a lack of assent by the required number of jurors, the court may direct the jury to deliberate further or may order a new trial.

(f) Form of verdict.

(1) Defective, informal, or nonresponsive verdict. On request of a party or on its own, the court may order that an informal or defective verdict be reformed. Any such reformation of the verdict should take place before the jury is discharged and with their assent. If the verdict is not responsive to the issue submitted to the jury, the court should inform the jury of the issue and require further deliberations.

(2) No special form of verdict required. No special form of verdict is required. If the jury’s verdict is in substantial compliance with the law, the court should enter judgment based on it, notwithstanding a defect in form.

(3) Fixing net recovery amount. If two opposing parties have claims against each other for the recovery of money, and each of those parties obtains a jury verdict awarding money, the jury must separately find the amount of recovery on each claim. The court may enter judgment for the party who has the greater recovery, in an amount reflecting the difference in the amounts awarded to the two parties.

End

Amendment History

Promulgated by R-16-0010, effective January 1, 2017; amended by R-18-0018, effective January 1, 2019.

Plain-English Summary

A court can ask a jury for a special verdict consisting only of written findings on each factual issue, submitted as brief-answer questions, proposed forms of findings, or any other method the court considers appropriate. A party who wants a particular factual issue decided by the jury, rather than left to the court, must demand its submission before the jury retires. Alternatively, the court can submit a general verdict together with written questions on specific factual issues. If the general verdict and the answers agree, the court enters judgment on them; if the answers are internally consistent but conflict with the general verdict, the court can enter judgment on the answers instead, send the jury back to deliberate further, or order a new trial. If the answers conflict with each other and with the verdict, judgment cannot be entered at all until the jury deliberates further or a new trial is ordered. In actions seeking equitable relief, the court may pose similar yes-or-no questions to an impaneled jury, but the jury's answers are only advisory.

Once a verdict is reached, the rule also governs how it comes back to the court. If the jury has eight members, at least six must agree. The agreeing jurors sign the verdict, the clerk reads it and asks whether it is the jury's verdict, and any party can request that the jurors be polled individually — without being identified by name — before the jury is discharged. If the poll shows too few jurors agree, the court can send the jury back to deliberate or order a new trial. A defective, informal, or nonresponsive verdict can be reformed before the jury is discharged, and no special form of verdict is required as long as the jury's verdict substantially complies with the law. When both sides in an action have offsetting money claims and each wins a verdict, the jury must find the recovery on each claim separately so the court can enter judgment for the net difference.

Frequently Asked Questions

What's the difference between a special verdict and a general verdict with written questions?

A special verdict consists only of the jury's written findings on each factual issue. A general verdict with questions asks the jury for both an overall verdict and answers to specific factual questions.

What happens if the jury's answers to written questions contradict its general verdict?

Depending on how the inconsistency runs, the court may enter judgment on the answers instead of the verdict, send the jury back to deliberate further, or order a new trial.

How many jurors have to agree on a verdict?

At least six of eight, unless the parties have stipulated to a different number under Rule 48.

Can a party ask that the jury be polled after it returns a verdict?

Yes, any party can request polling before the jury is discharged, and the court may also do so on its own.

Source & verification. The rule text and History are reproduced verbatim from the official Arizona Rules of Civil Procedure (Ariz. R. Civ. P. 49). Prescribed by the Supreme Court of Arizona (Ariz. Const. art. 6, § 5). The plain-English summary is original and written by us. Last verified July 1, 2026. · Official source

Also known as: verdict form rulespecial verdictgeneral verdict with interrogatoriesjury pollinginconsistent verdict and answers